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Hydroxyurea (NSC-32065) is an antineoplastic agent that inhibits DNA synthesis through the inhibition of ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. Hydroxyurea is converted to a free radical nitroxide (NO) in vivo, and transported by diffusion into cells where it quenches the tyrosyl free radical at the active site of the M2 protein subunit of ribonucleotide reductase, inactivating the enzyme. The entire replicase complex, including ribonucleotide reductase, is inactivated and DNA synthesis is selectively inhibited, producing cell death in S phase and synchronization of the fraction of cells that survive. Repair of DNA damaged by chemicals or irradiation is also inhibited by hydroxyurea, offering potential synergy between hydroxyurea and radiation or alkylating agents. Hydroxyurea also increases the level of fetal hemoglobin, leading to a reduction in the incidence of vasoocclusive crises in sickle cell anemia. Levels of fetal hemoglobin increase in response to activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) by hydroxyurea-derived NO.
| Cell Experiment | |
|---|---|
| Cell lines | Erythroid cells |
| Preparation method | Obtain erythroid cells from peripheral blood of the same patients(Thirteen β-Thal/HbE patients which are treated with hydroxyurea orally for 2 years at a starting dose of 5 mg/kg/day for 5 days/week with escalation to a maximum of 10 mg/kg/day) 1 year after they had stopped hydroxyurea treatment are treated with hydroxyurea in vitro.Treatment of cells performs in primary culture with 30 μM hydroxyurea for 96 hours. |
| Concentrations | 30 μM |
| Incubation time | 96 h |
| Animal Experiment | |
|---|---|
| Animal models | Female athymic (nu/nu) nude mice(used for xenograft model) |
| Formulation | saline |
| Dosages | 1500 mg/kg |
| Administration | i.p. |
| Molecular Weight | 76.05 |
| Formula | CH4N2O2 |
| CAS Number | 127-07-1 |
| Solubility (25°C) | DMSO 50 mg/mL Water 30 mg/mL |
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years ; 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months ; -20°C 1 month |
[1] Martin Griesshammer, et al. A review of hydroxyurea-related cutaneous adverse events
[3] Patrick T McGann, et al. Hydroxyurea therapy for sickle cell anemia
[4] Orah S Platt. Hydroxyurea for the treatment of sickle cell anemia
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| Nelarabine
Nelarabine is a novel purine antimetabolite antineoplastic agent. |
| Mizoribine
Mizoribine (Bredinin) is an imidazole nucleoside and an immunosuppressive agent with an IC50 of approximately 100 μM. Mizoribine inhibits replication of SARS-CoV with IC50s of 3.5 μg/mL and 16 μg/mL for SARS-CoV Frankfurt-1 and SARS-CoV HKU39849, respectively. |
| Capecitabine
Capecitabine is an orally-administered chemotherapeutic agent. Capecitabine is a precursor, that is enzymatically converted to 5-fluorouracil in the tumor, where it inhibits DNA synthesis and slows growth of tumor tissue. Capecitabine may inhibit cytochrome CYP2C9 enzyme, and therefore increase levels of substrates such as phenytoin and other substrates of CYP2C9. |
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